Spelling rules в английском языке
Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can have the following endings:| noun + -s/es (plural) | books | ideas | matches |
| verb + -s/es (after he/she/it) | works | enjoys | washes |
| verb l -ing | working | enjoying | washing |
| verb I -ed | worked | enjoyed | washed |
| adjective + -er (comparative) | cheaper | quicker | brighter |
| adjective + -est (superlative) | cheapest | quickest | brightest |
| adjective + -ly (adverb) | cheaply | quickly | brightly |
When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.
Vowels and consonatits a e i o u are vowel letters. The other letters (b c d f etc.) are consonants. |
Nouns and verbs + -s/-esThe ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:
match/matches bus/buses box/boxes
wash/washes miss/misses search/searches
Note also:
potato/potatoes tomato/tomatoes
do/does go/goes
Words ending in -y (baby, carry, easy, etc.)If a word ends in a consonant + y (-by/-ry/-sy, etc.):
y changes to ie before -s:
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y changes to i before -ed:
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y changes to i before -er and -est:
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y changes to i before -ly:
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y does not change before -ing:
hurrying studying applying trying
y does not change if the word ends in a vowel + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
play/plays/played enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed monkey/monkeys
exception:
day/dailyNote also:
pay/paid lay/laid say/said
Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie)If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before -ing:
lie/lying die/dying tie/tying
Words ending in -e (smoke, hope, wide, etc.)Verbs If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before -ing: smoke/smoking hope/hoping dance/dancing confuse/confusing Exceptions: be/being If a verb ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs): smoke/smoked hope/hoped dance/danced confuse/confused |
| Adjectives and adverbs If an adjective ends in -e we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative: wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before the adverb ending -ly: polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely If an adjective ends in -le (terrible, probable, etc.), we leave out e and add -y for the adverb: terrible/terribly probable/probably reasonable/reasonably |
Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, hot/hotter/hottest, etc.)Sometimes a verb or an adjective ends in consonant - vowel - consonant. For example: stop plan rob hot thin wet prefer begin We double the final consonant (-pp-, -nn- etc.) of these words before -ing, -ed, -er and -est:
If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin, etc.), we double that final consonant only if the final syllable is stressed:
If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:
If the final syllable is not stressed, and the last consonant is l, the consonant may be single or doubled:
We do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (-rt, -rn, -ck, etc.):
We do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed, -ain, etc.):
Note that we do not double у or w at the end of words. (At the end of words у and w are not consonants, they are part of the vowel sound.):
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